4/8/2023 0 Comments Psychopy oddball paradigm![]() ![]() Several other research paradigms have produced results that seem relevant to questions about the early development of future-orientation. Thus, studies that rely on comparing infants’ responses to typical and atypical events give ambiguous results: do infants’ reactions reflect ad hoc responses to the rare event that just occurred, or do they reflect expectations that the typical event should have recurred but did not? That is, it is possible that the infant was not actually expecting anything, in the sense of actively forecasting the future, at all. However, it is equally possible that the infant’s surprise represents an after-the-fact reaction to something unusual that has just happened and it is also possible that the thing that has just happened is more difficult to process because it isn’t typical. It is possible that after seeing one, two, three, or more occurrences of a particular event, infants actively expect yet another repetition of this typical event to happen again and, when it does not, their expectations are violated leading to a surprise reaction. Unfortunately, these studies do not provide definitive information about infants’ expectations. In an effort to detect violations of infants’ expectations, a wide variety of responses has been monitored including surprise reactions, crying or distress, suppressed motor activity, duration of looking, amplitudes and latencies of brain-wave components, heart-rate changes, and so forth. Presumably, when an infant gives a different response after the rare event, it indicates that a violation in the infant’s expectations has occurred. In either case, the experimental method involves a comparison of infants’ responses following the rare event to their responses following the typical event. Rare and typical events are either defined by differential familiarization during the course of the study, as in the oddball paradigm, or by the infants’ experience prior to coming to the laboratory, as in the still-face procedure when the mother suddenly adopts a neutral facial expression and stops responding contingently to her infant. These studies generally use two classes of events, rare and typical. The oddball paradigm, described earlier, exemplifies a variety of techniques that have been used to gain insight into infants’ and young children’s expectations. Wentworth, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008 Other Methods and Methodological Challenges Total time spent on the oddball task was 3.35 minutes. Thirty percent of the trials were kept target and 70% were nontarget trials, i.e., there were 40 target trials and 135 total trials presented. Two types of error were expected: false alarm (i.e., pressed key when standard stimulus was shown) and omission (forgot to press key when target stimulus appeared). Further, the reaction time and correct target detection of each participant were recorded. ![]() The participants were instructed to press “0” for a target stimulus and not to respond for a standard stimulus. The presentation duration of each trial, either the standard (box) or target (sphere) trial, was 500 ms with the intertrial interval (ITI) between two consecutive trials being 500 ms. 38–40 In this study, two visual stimuli, a box and a sphere, shapes of size 5 cm, were designed as the standard and target stimuli, respectively (see Fig. The oddball paradigm is a commonly used task for cognitive and attention measurement in ERP studies. ![]()
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